ATOMIC TIME: the present-day atomic time is defined by using the
number of vibrations of the light, that is emitted in a special spectral line of the atoms
of the element Cesium.
BIG
BANG: the occurrence whereby our universe originates. The time, space and matter
originate out of nothing on the event zero on the clock of the cosmic time. From an
unimaginable huge quantity of energy, concentrated in a single point (exceptional state or
singularity), originates our present universe. The energy expands to all directions and
remains expanding until the present day. Each object (stellar system) shows an expansion
velocity originating from this big bang.
BLACK
HOLE: the inverse (seen as a time inversion) of a white hole or little bang, where
matter and energy disappear, caused by a large gravitation, into a singularity (particular
space-time state with a very large energy content.
CARRIERS OF FORCE:
particles who carry the force between particles, also called interactions. The photons are
the carriers of force for the elektro-magnetic interactions, vector bosons for the
weak interactions and gluons for the strong interactions.
CLUSTER OF GALAXIES: several galaxies, which stand
so near to each other, that there exists a common gravitational field, in which they have
been caught. The number of members varies generally from ten to hundred. ( Photo )
COSMIC BACKGROUND RADIATION: thermal radiation
originating from the big bang. This radiation of three degrees kelvin comes from all
directions of our space and is also smoothly in strength in all directions. The lifetime
of this radiation is almost the same as those of the universe and is valued on fifteen
billion years with an uncertainty of five billion.
COSMIC
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: the fusion of hydrogen cores (nuclei) into helium cores shortly after the
big bang at the early stage of the universe.
COSMIC TIME: a time which can be defined in an evolutionary
universe, by means of the degree of expansion or contraction of stellar systems. For each
time it is possible to introduce an hyper-surface, upon which all objects in the universe
have the same cosmic time.
COSMOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLE: the space as a whole is homogeneous in all points and isotropic in all
directions, apart from local irregularities.
EIGEN-TIME: a time
that applies to a particular object and only to that object. Each object has an
eigen-time, that we can read on a clock, that is moving with that object.
HADRONS: these are the elementary particles, that are composed of quarks. These are for
one thing the mesons, composed of two quarks, and for the other thing the baryons and
hyperons, composed of three quarks. Examples of mesons are the pions and kaons, that keep
together the nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the atomic nucleus. Examples of baryons
are the nucleons, lambda-, sigma- and delta-particles. Hyperons are all particles, that
have more mass than the baryons.
HOMOGENEITY:
the space is in all points equivalent, apart from local deviations.
INERTIAL SYSTEM: a
system of coordinates, in which the laws of Newton apply, in particular to the inertia and
gravity of a mass
INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE: in the first second of the big
bang this universe underwent an enormous inflation during a temporary quantum fluctuation
of repellent gravitation. This universe arose from a quantum fluctuation with energy
contents zero, what is the reason that this current universe still has this zero energy
contents. Such an universe can for no reason arise everywhere and at each moment, because
this is not contradictory with the laws of nature. See also NIBBRMEU.
ISOTROPY:
the space is in all directions equivalent. The universe shows the same sight in all
directions, apart from local irregularities.
LEPTONS: these are
light simple particles such as the electrons, myons and tauons including their associated
neutrinos. Also their anti-particles belong to the family of leptons. The totality comes
then on twelve leptons.
LITTLE BANG: an
explosion of a (very) large mass (not necessary at time zero). For example several smaller
explosions instead of a large big bang.
LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION: All transformations of coordinate
systems, that are moving with large velocities with respect to each other and
whereby the space-time interval remains invariant, we call Lorentz-transformations.
The Lorentz formulas for the observed time dilatation and length contraction by high
velocities follow directly from the invariance of the space-time interval.
NIBBRMEU:
New Inflationary Big Bang Relativistic Model of the Expanding Universe. A new model for an
universe, that expands, obeys the laws of general relativity and came to existence as a
big bang, that started with an inflation of huge magnitude.
NUCLEAR TIME: a time that is definied by nuclear processes, such
as those, which appear at radioactive matter and at mass losses in stars caused by
nucleosynthesis.
PCT
THEOREM: The time inversion (T) is generally valid for elementary particles. The space
inversion or parity inversion (P) and charge conjugation (C) in combination, applies also
generally, we call the this the PC theorem. Then naturally also the PCT theorem follows,
this is the combination of space, time and charge inversion (for elementary particles).
QUARKS: simple
particles, which form in composition the mesons, baryons and hyperons. See also hadrons.
RELATIVISTIC TIME: a time wherefore we apply the
Lorentz-transformations of the special-relativity theory. This is a not invariant or
variable time.
SIMULTANEITY:
simultaneity applies to each two events on a three dimensional spatial hyper-surface,
where the time is constant for all points on that surface.
SINGULARITY: particular state of the space-time with very great
energy content, like during the beginning of time in the big bang. The maximum lifetime
and energy content of the universe could be connected by means of the uncertainty relation
of Heisenberg, as the singularity has arisen as a quantum fluctuation in the chaos of the
physical vacuum.
STAR:
our sun is the most approximate star and stars are suns on a large distance. Also most of
the stars resemble our sun, concerning mass, size and chemical composition.
STEADY STATE UNIVERSE: an universe, that shows in past,
present and future the same appearance or the same world view.
SUPERCLUSTER:
several clusters, so near to each other, that there exists a common gravitational field,
in which they have been caught.
UNIVERSE: the
collection of all objects, for which the laws of nature are valid. These objects exist of
matter and/or energy. We consider world, cosmos and universe as synonyms.
UNIVERSAL TIME, absolute time or dynamical time: a time
(implicitly) defined in the dynamical laws of Newton and invariant for Galilei
transformation. I.e. this time is for all inertial systems identical.
WHITE
HOLE: a white hole is a source from which space and time originate, including matter
and energy. A black hole is a well in which space and time disappear, including their
matter and energy contents.
WORLD MAP: the
universe such as it would appear, as the velocity of light should be infinitely large. The
objects in the three dimensional space, seen as a part of the four dimensional space-time
continuum, considered at a certain point of time. This is an hyper-surface (i.e. 3-space)
where the time does not varies from point to point.
WORLD PICTURE: the
outlook of the universe at a certain point of time, when you take a photograph. An object
on a distance of x light year, we see such as it looked x years ago. World picture, world
view and world photograph are synonyms.
WORLD RADIUS: the
radius of curvature of the universe. This is the radius of an hyper sphere in a fictitious
four dimensional euclidean space. The radius of curvature stands perpendicular on the
hyper surface of the sphere. This hyper surface exists of all simultaneous events in the
known three spatial dimensions. An expanding universe corresponds to an growing world
radius in the course of the time.
TERMINOLOGY FOR COSMOLOGY
John N's web site: About our Space and Time
